Combating cancer’s conversations
Cancer(subject) is usually presented as a
problem(singular noun) of cells becoming
mindless(adj)
replicators, proliferating without purpose or restraint. But that image
underestimates
the foe(direct object),
according to a new paper.
The authors(subject) argue that
we(personal pronoun)’ll stand a better chance of combating cancer
if we recognise that tumour cells
are(linking verb) a lot smarter and functional like a
co-operating community.
One of the authors, physicist
Eshel
Ben-Jacob(proper noun) of Tel Aviv University in Israel, has argued for some time
that many
single-celled(adj) organisms, whether they are tumour cells or
gut
bacteria(plural noun),
show(transitive verb) a
rudimentary(adj) form of social intelligence – an ability to
act collectively in ways that adapt to the prevailing conditions, learn
from experience and solve problems, all with the “aim” of improving
their chances of survival. He even
believes(intransitive verb) there is evidence that they
can modify
their own genomes(direct object) in beneficial ways(adverb of manner).
Some of these
ideas are controversial, but
others(indefinite pronoun) are undeniable. One of the classic
examples of a single-celled co-operator, the soil-dwelling slime mould
Dictyostelium discoideum
, survives a lack of warmth or moisture by
sending out pulses of a chemical from cells,
which(relative pronoun) attracts other cells
to move towards them and clump together into multi-celled bodies that
look like weird
mushrooms(plural noun). Some of these cells become spores,
entering
into a kind of suspended animation(participial phrase) until conditions improve.
Many
bacteria(subject) can engage in similar feats of communication and coordination,
which can
produce(action verb) complex colony shapes such as vortex-like circulating
blobs or exotic branching patterns. These displays of “social
intelligence” help the colonies survive adversity, sometimes to our
cost. Biofilms, for example – robust, slimy surface coatings that
harbour bacteria and can spread infection
in hospitals(place adverb) – are
manufactured through the co-operation of several different species.
But
as cyberwarfare experts know,
disrupting communications(gerund phrase) can be deadly,
and
the same social intelligence that helps bacteria thrive(dependent clause) can be
manipulated to attack pathogenic varieties(independent clause). Some strategies for tackling
dangerous bacteria
now(time adverb) target their cell-to-cell communications, for
example by introducing false signals that might induce cells to eat one
another or to dissolve biofilms. So it pays to know what they’re saying
to
one another(indefinite pronoun).
Ben-Jacob(proper noun), along with Donald Coffey of the Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore and “biological
physicist” Herbert Levine of Rice University in Houston, Texas,
think(state verb)
that we should be approaching cancer therapy this way too: not by aiming
to kill off tumour cells with lethal doses of poisons or
radiation(comman noun), but
by interrupting their conversations.